CARDiac, syntax coloring, view supply and vibe code: With nice abstraction comes nice energy comes nice duty comes nice lack of constancy.
Hey have a look at this: Delights to delectate.
Object permanence: Actual elections v actuality TV; Copyright troll loses license; Who will get fed housing subsidies? Trump x pressured labor.
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Within the mid-Seventies, my dad – then a budding laptop scientist, subsequently a math trainer – introduced dwelling my first laptop: the CARDiac, a Turing-complete, all-cardboard papercraft laptop that you may write and execute packages on:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CARDboard_Illustrative_Aid_to_Computation
CARDiac stands for “CARDboard Illustrative Help to Computation,” and it was created in 1968 at Bell Labs as a strategy to train excessive schoolers how computer systems labored. I wasn’t wherever close to highschool age (I feel I used to be in third grade?) however the CARDiac was revelatory. The yr earlier than, I might had entry to a teletype terminal and acoustic coupler that permit me function a PDP machine on the College of Toronto, and I might been endlessly fascinated with the chances. I wrote easy BASIC packages, chatted with ELIZA, and messaged different system customers, one keystroke at a time, all on paper (the terminal did not have a display screen, only a printer, and we fed it 1,000′ rolls of paper towels my mother introduced dwelling from her kindergarten classroom, which I then rolled again up so she might put them again within the rest room for the youngsters to dry their palms on).
Interacting with a pc in real-time was fascinating, but it surely wasn’t till I assembled and used the CARDiac that all of it snapped into place. With the CARDiac, you composed easy packages with pencil and paper, then adopted directions that directed you to maneuver paper tokens out and in of assorted slots representing reminiscence cells and an accumulator. All an digital laptop does is repeat these crude mechanical operations, hundreds of thousands of occasions per second, utilizing microscopic transistors. None of that motion will be noticed with the bare eye, in fact. When you had a really delicate multimeter and an excellent microscope, it is conceivable that you may not directly watch this intricate dance, however solely on very early processors, and provided that you drastically slowed down their operations.
A lot later, I discovered a phrase for what I obtained from the CARDiac: legibility. Collectively, the CARDiac and I made a working digital laptop, with me standing in for the physics that propels electrons down the countless labyrinth of a microchip, like a pinball triggering numerous blooping, beeping bumpers. Although the computing we carried out was sub-trivial (including one and one was a significant enterprise!), the bodily efficiency of that computing imbued me with Fingerspitzengefühl (“fingertip feeling”):
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FingerspitzengefpercentC3percentBChl
This stood me in nice stead within the years to come back. To this present day, after I take into consideration my laptop, I generally think about these little cardboard tokens, shuffling out and in of the slits in my paper CARDiac. There’s one thing very reassuring about this imagery. Regardless of what number of ranges of abstraction sit between me and the nanoscale transistors ranked of their billions beneath my fingertips, they’re all enterprise these acquainted operations I painstakingly carried out on my kid’s desk all these years in the past.
(This is among the issues that makes Science Comics Computer systems: How Digital {Hardware} Works such an incredible children’ e-book! By illustrating how a pc’s operations are constructed up from easy boolean logic that may be represented as bodily switches, the comedian performs that very same legibilizing magic that I obtained from the CARDiac:)
https://pluralistic.web/2025/11/05/xor-xand-xnor-nand-nor/#brawniac
Not lengthy after my CARDiac expertise, my dad introduced dwelling an Apple ][+, which came with a schematic that revealed the inner workings of the machine in ways that I found visually striking, if significantly less accessible than the CARDiac:
https://downloads.reactivemicro.com/Apple%20II%20Items/Hardware/II_&_II+/Schematic/Apple%20II%20Schematics.pdf
(For me, at least. For the legendary hardware hacker Andrew “bunnie” Huang, it was the start of a journey that turned him into one of the world’s virtuoso reverse-engineers and science communicators):
The Apple ][+ did very little when you took it out of the box. It came with a few floppies’ worth of demo programs, and we bought a few more down at the local computer store, but most of the programs I ended up using with that machine were ones I typed in myself, from magazines I bought at the corner store (I spent half my magazine budget on Cracked, Mad and Crazy, the other half on computer magazines full of BASIC program listings).
Typing in a program, keystroke by keystroke, was another Fingerspitzengefühl-generating exercise. I wasn’t much of a typist, so it was slow going, and of course I made a lot of typos. What’s more, BASIC had already fragmented into several dialects by this point, so even a correctly typed program could fail to run until it had been adapted for the BASIC that shipped with the computer. Getting a program to run on my computer required me to hone my typing skills, but even more so, my problem solving skills.
After months of this, I (re-)invented the debugger, from first principles, coming up with lots of little tricks and gimmicks (many of them horribly inefficient) for identifying and solving my programs’ errors. In later years, I had lots of opportunity to work with real debuggers, created and maintained by trained programmers who’d forgotten more than I would ever know about writing code, and my own cack-handed efforts to build my own version of their tools conferred a confidence and intuitive understanding that I could not have achieved otherwise. Figuring out the need for a debugger and then rolling my own (crude, inefficient) one made all debuggers more legible to me.
I think that “legibility” is an underrated trait. If a system is legible to you, then you have a superior basis for understanding it, improving it, and making it work again when it breaks down.
There’s an old joke that goes, “physics is applied math; chemistry is applied physics, and biology is applied chemistry” (I’ve also heard versions that start with “math is applied philosophy” and carry on to “sociology is applied biology,” etc). While this isn’t entirely true, there’s something profound in it: we understand and manipulate our complex reality by wrapping it in abstractions that package up a writhing, shuffling, vibrating machine inside a smooth, serene membrane with a sturdy and easily grasped handle. You could do chemistry using the tools of physics, but it would take hours to perform the kind of calculations a chemist does in seconds (just as it takes an eternity to add one and one with a CARDiac).
Nevertheless, there are times when it is useful for a biologist to think about chemical processes, and for a chemist to think about interactions at the level of physics, and for a physicist to do math. The membrane and the handle are essential, but sometimes you have to decap the sealed package and inspect and manipulate its internals directly. Problem solving, improvement and maintenance all require the ability to move up and down the stack of abstractions to figure out where to stick your probes and stage your interventions.
This is where legibility comes in. Interacting with physical processes improves your mental model. In Broad Band (a magisterial history of women in computing), Claire Evans talks about how the first programmers were women who did the “unskilled” labor of physically cabling components together, developing powerful Fingerspitzengefühl, with such high-fidelity, trans-abstraction mental models of the machines’ operations that they became the world’s best programmers and debuggers:
My early adventures in programming were so powerful and instructive because nearly all the programs I interacted with on my Apple ][+ were written in BASIC (not just the ones I keyed in, but also the demo software and much of the packaged software we bought). That meant that I could get a listing of any program I was using, peeling open the membrane to look at the machinery underneath. I could even laboriously trace the operations of that program using my toy debugger. This, too, was legibility: the ability to flip between the effects of the running code, and the instructions themselves (and then to mentally map those instructions onto the movement of cardboard tokens in my CARDiac).
This affordance was repeated later on the early web, thanks to the “View Source” function that came built into every browser, acting as a velcro tab for the membrane that separated rendered web pages from their underlying instructions. In my early years as a web developer, I copied, pasted, adapted, probed and traced HTML in ways that would have been instantly recognizable to the younger me, keying in those BASIC programs and ripping apart the commercial software on my computer.
I read somewhere that the Bell Labs scientists who created the CARDiac were worried that, thanks to transistorization, the next generation of programmers wouldn’t understand the physical, material processes that unfolded when their programs ran, and that this would mean a loss of legibility and intuition and Fingerspitzengefühl. I can’t track down the reference now, but it stuck with me, because the CARDiac is such a perfect way of preserving those virtues.
Modern computer science curriculum includes some chip design for just this reason (just as chemists study physics and biologists study chemistry). But there are plenty of programmers – better programmers than I ever was or will be – who taught themselves and never had a CARDiac or gave much thought to chip design. They work at different layers of abstraction and in different ways to solve different problems. Maybe they could improve their art by tinkering with FPGAs, but there’s always something even the most skilled artisan can do to round out and incrementally improve their craft.
In the same way, there are plenty of programmers – better ones than I ever was or will be – whose journey started at higher abstraction layers than a teletype terminal or a CARDiac. Maybe they started with a browser’s View Source, teasing apart other people’s Javascript to create weird Myspace customizations. Maybe they tweaked a programmable block in Minecraft. Maybe they modded a Scratch game. Or maybe they recorded macros using Applescript or Hypercard or Visual Basic to automate a routine task, only to later open up the source code generated by the macro recorder to make fine adjustments.
Whether you’re pasting source from Stack Overflow or recording a macro in Excel, you are just one operation away from unwrapping the membrane and exposing the code beneath it. And with the modern internet, with Wikipedia, with endless tutorial videos, you are one further operation from penetrating the high level code to get at the code beneath it, and the code beneath that, and the code beneath that, all the way down to the bare metal.
Which brings me to vibe coding. As I’ve written, there’s a world of difference between writing code for production and writing “personal software” that solves a problem you have. Whatever deficits that code has (due to the fact that you’re not a skilled programmer) are offset by the fact that you’re the one making the tool (which means your needs aren’t lossily filtered through a programmer’s understanding of those needs):
There’s nothing wrong with code that solves your problem, even if you don’t know how that code works, even if it breaks in a couple of years, even if no one else could maintain, extend or debug that code. Personal software is fundamentally different from software made to be used and maintained by others:
Pluralistic: The difference between “today’s task” and “accretive work” (02 Jul 2026)
Higher-level abstractions are necessary. Moving tokens between the slits in a CARDiac is a powerful exercise, but eventually you want to do something more substantial than adding one and one, and so you need to package up the mechanics of computing inside a membrane with an easily grasped handle (knowing that you can always open the membrane if need be).
The more automated code you generate – macros, pasted Javascript, Minecraft blocks – the greater the likelihood that you will be failed by a readymade, prefab component. At that point, you have means, motive and opportunity to open the membrane and start tinkering with the internals, and every time you do, you have a better chance of making a realization that improves your grasp on the whole system.
Automated code – whether from an LLM, View Source, Stack Overflow, or a macro recorder – is the top of a funnel. Many – most – of the people who enter the funnel won’t slip further down the abstraction chute. They’ll solve their problem (a virtue unto itself!) and move on. But the more people we put at the top of the funnel, the more chances our civilization gets to produce another skilled artisan who understands and can improve, iterate and repair the code the rest of us use.
#20yrsago What real elections can learn from reality TV voting https://henryjenkins.org/2006/07/democracy_big_brother_style_1.html
#20yrsago Veteran print journo on neglected demographics http://citmedia.org/blog/2006/07/03/guest-posting-is-media-performance-democracys-critical-issue/
#10yrsago One of the copyright’s scummiest trolls loses his law license https://fightcopyrighttrolls.com/2016/07/03/prendas-hansmeier-stipulates-to-suspension-of-his-law-license/
#10yrsago Macedonia’s Colorful Revolutionaries defy the state by splashing paint on government buildings and monuments https://globalvoices.org/2016/07/03/defying-police-harassment-the-macedonian-colorful-revolutionaries-continue-to-chant-freedom/
#10yrsago Trump and Brexit are like lotto tickets: the more unrealistic, the better https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/fintan-o-toole-brexit-and-the-politics-of-the-fake-orgasm-1.2707398
#10yrsago Low income US households get $0.08/month in Fed housing subsidy; 0.1%ers get $1,236 https://web.archive.org/web/20160702151008/https://www.thenation.com/article/who-benefits-most-from-housing-subsidies-the-wealthy/
#5yrsago The future is symmetrical https://pluralistic.net/2021/07/03/beautiful-symmetry/#fibrous-growth
#1yrago Trump’s not gonna protect workers from forced labor https://pluralistic.net/2025/07/03/states-rights-trumps-wrongs/#mamdani
“The Reverse-Centaur’s Guide to AI,” a short book about being a better AI critic, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, June 2026https://us.macmillan.com/books/9780374621568/thereversecentaursguidetolifeafterai/
“Canny Valley”: A limited edition collection of the collages I create for Pluralistic, self-published, September 2025 https://pluralistic.net/2025/09/04/illustrious/#chairman-bruce
“Enshittification: Why Everything Suddenly Got Worse and What to Do About It,” Farrar, Straus, Giroux, October 7 2025https://us.macmillan.com/books/9780374619329/enshittification/
“Picks and Shovels”: a sequel to “Red Team Blues,” about the heroic era of the PC, Tor Books (US), Head of Zeus (UK), February 2025 (https://us.macmillan.com/books/9781250865908/picksandshovels).
“The Bezzle”: a sequel to “Red Team Blues,” about prison-tech and other grifts, Tor Books (US), Head of Zeus (UK), February 2024 (thebezzle.org).
“The Lost Cause:” a solarpunk novel of hope in the climate emergency, Tor Books (US), Head of Zeus (UK), November 2023 (http://lost-cause.org).
“The Internet Con”: A nonfiction book about interoperability and Big Tech (Verso) September 2023 (http://seizethemeansofcomputation.org). Signed copies at Book Soup (https://www.booksoup.com/book/9781804291245).
“Red Team Blues”: “A grabby, compulsive thriller that will leave you knowing more about how the world works than you did before.” Tor Books http://redteamblues.com.
“Chokepoint Capitalism: How to Beat Big Tech, Tame Big Content, and Get Artists Paid, with Rebecca Giblin”, on how to unrig the markets for creative labor, Beacon Press/Scribe 2022 https://chokepointcapitalism.com
“The Post-American Internet,” a geopolitical sequel of sorts to Enshittification, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2027
“Unauthorized Bread”: a middle-grades graphic novel adapted from my novella about refugees, toasters and DRM, FirstSecond, April 20, 2027
“Enshittification, Why Everything Suddenly Got Worse and What to Do About It” (the graphic novel), Firstsecond, 2027
“The Memex Method,” Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 2027
Today’s top sources:
Currently writing: “The Post-American Internet,” a sequel to “Enshittification,” about the better world the rest of us get to have now that Trump has torched America. Fourth draft completed. Submitted to editor.
A Little Brother short story about DIY insulin PLANNING
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