The very best complete phenolic content material was obtained from chloroform: methanol (1:1, v\/v) extract (59.23\u2009\u00b1\u20090.43\u00a0mg gallic acid\/g) of rhizome. The Flavonoids had been detected in rhizome chloroform: methanol extract (44.26\u2009\u00b1\u20090.20\u00a0mg quercetin\/g). Rhizome extracts exhibited good antioxidant exercise.<\/p>\n
HPLC evaluation<\/h3>\n
Separation of compounds was carried out utilizing HPLC. By evaluating retention occasions (Rt) with requirements and UV absorbance ratios after injection of samples and requirements, it was doable to determine the phenolic compounds current within the extract. By utilizing the usual calibration curves, the quantities of gallic acid, caffeic acid, naringin, rutin, and quercetin had been decided as in Scheme 4.<\/p>\n
![\"Sch.](\"https:\/\/media.springernature.com\/lw685\/springer-static\/image\/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-026-52953-2\/MediaObjects\/41598_2026_52953_Sch4_HTML.png\")
The choice textual content for this picture might have been generated utilizing AI.<\/span><\/div>\nChemical buildings of recognized bioactive compounds: gallic acid, caffeic acid, naringin, rutin, and quercetin<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n
Peak identification based mostly on the usual injection: Gallic acid (Rt: 3.345\u00a0min); caffeic acid (Rt: 6.641\u00a0min); naringin (Rt: 8.533\u00a0min); rutin (Rt: 9.356\u00a0min); and quercetin (Rt: 12.739\u00a0min), Fig.\u00a06a.<\/p>\n
The Quantitative determinations for energetic phenolic compounds, which had been introduced within the methanol extract in main quantities, are proven in Scheme 5.<\/p>\n
From comparability between retention time of slandered pattern and main compound, determine: 6- gingerol at Rt:16.62\u00a0min; 8-gingerol at Rt: 20.84\u00a0min; 8-gingerdione at Rt: 21.63\u00a0min; 8-shogaol at Rt: 22.91\u00a0min; 6-dehydrogingerdione at Rt: 25.02\u00a0min; 10-gingerdione at Rt: 25.80\u00a0min and 8-dehydrogingerdione at Rt: 30.12\u00a0min, the values of the content material of energetic substances within the ginger extract calculated based mostly on the HPLC evaluation are introduced, Fig.\u00a06b.<\/p>\n
![\"Sch.](\"https:\/\/media.springernature.com\/lw685\/springer-static\/image\/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-026-52953-2\/MediaObjects\/41598_2026_52953_Sch5_HTML.png\")
The choice textual content for this picture might have been generated utilizing AI.<\/span><\/div>\nconstruction of recognized phenolic compounds: 6-gingerol; 8-gingerol; 8-gingerdione; 8-shogaol; 6-dehydrogingerdione; 10-gingerdione and 8-dehydrogingerdione.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n
![\"Fig.](\"https:\/\/media.springernature.com\/lw685\/springer-static\/image\/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-026-52953-2\/MediaObjects\/41598_2026_52953_Fig1_HTML.png\")
The choice textual content for this picture might have been generated utilizing AI.<\/span><\/div>\nHPLC chromatogram of: a – ginger extract with recognized bioactive compounds, b- ginger extract with recognized energetic compounds.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n
Rheological properties<\/h3>\n
The processability of composites was decided by evaluating the rheological traits equivalent to minimal torque ML, most torque MH, scorch time ts2, and optimum remedy time tc90. Willpower of the curing time is a prerequisite for molding the rubber compounds. The curing or vulcanization time was decided for every ready method.<\/p>\n
The rheometric traits of the examined SBR vulcanizates are illustrated in Desk\u00a02.<\/p>\n
A shifting die rheometer was used to measure the compounded SBR rheological traits at 152 \u00b0C. The outcomes are listed in Desk 2. The rheological traits of SBR had been decided to be good. The gathered rheological knowledge used to find out the curing time of the ready compounded rubber. Within the case of SBR-contained chitosan, plant extracts Ginger in addition to pharmaceutical drugs Berberine as typical antimicrobial brokers the minimal and most torque elevated in response to their concentrations; the ML and MH for Ginger elevated as much as 10 phr then decreased, nonetheless, the addition of investigated antimicrobial brokers enhanced the minimal torque of SBR, ML and MH values are larger than these of SBR mixed with chitosan, ginger and pharmaceutical drugs Berberine, suggesting a minor decline within the remedy state; nonetheless, 50 phr chitosan integrated with SBR has larger ML and MH values22. The speed of remedy for SBR mixed with chitosan and Berberine elevated resulting from their concentrations, however for ginger elevated as much as 10phr. The mix of SBR (Styrene Butadiene Rubber) with chitosan, ginger, and Berberine can result in an elevated price of remedy and enhance their rheological properties. Moreover, the general research confirmed a discount in optimum remedy time (tc90), leading to good, acceptable rheological properties. It signifies improved curing efficacy and processability, which produced high-quality products35.<\/p>\n
Then again, scorch time ts2 of rubber mixes decreased with growing chitosan content material. The lower in scorch time ts2 because the chitosan content material elevated could also be as a result of higher thermal historical past of those compounds throughout mixing on account of their larger viscosities. It’s recognized that the shear heating throughout mixing will increase when chitosan loading is elevated as a result of enhance in viscosity. However ts2 elevated because the ginger content material elevated as much as 10phr, then decreased. Additionally, ts2 elevated because the Berberine content material elevated, though including extra ginger will initially lengthen the scorch time. The time takes for SBR rubber to start vulcanizing makes it much less pliable and shortens the scorch time, triggering vulcanization sooner. That is in all probability due to the intricate relationships between ginger and different elements within the rubber compound throughout vulcanization22,36.<\/p>\n
The presence of fillers that help within the activation of curing reactions causes the Treatment Charge Index (CRI) to rise19.<\/p>\n
Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)<\/h3>\n
Determine 7 presents the IR spectra of SBR composites containing chitosan, ginger, and berberine. The attribute bands of SBR are evident, confirming the presence of styrene and butadiene models, with C = C stretching at ~ 1600 cm\u207b\u00b9 (fragrant ring and butadiene double bonds) and = C\u2013H out-of-plane bending within the 1000\u2013900 cm\u207b\u00b9 area (vinyl teams and fragrant C\u2013H of styrene)37. Incorporation of chitosan is confirmed by new absorption bands associated to \u2013OH, \u2013NH\u2082, and polysaccharide linkages, along with the looks of amide (~ 1650 and 1590 cm\u207b\u00b9) bands. The broadening of the O\u2013H\/N\u2013H stretching area (3200\u20133400 cm\u207b\u00b9) additional signifies hydrogen bonding between chitosan and SBR38. These modifications point out hydrogen bonding between chitosan\u2019s amino\/hydroxyl teams and the SBR chains, enhancing compatibility. The presence of ginger phytochemicals is mirrored within the stretching of phenolic \u2013OH teams at 3300\u20133200 cm\u207b\u00b9, together with C = O stretching bands at 1700\u20131650 cm\u207b\u00b9 (ketones, aldehydes) and fragrant C = C vibrations. These peaks verify the profitable incorporation of ginger into the SBR matrix39. These options verify the presence of ginger extract and counsel bodily interplay with the SBR matrix relatively than chemical bonding. For berberine, attribute vibrations of fragrant amines (C\u2013N stretching) seem within the 1450\u2013500 cm\u207b\u00b9 area, whereas enhanced C\u2013N and C\u2013O peaks (1250\u20131020 cm\u207b\u00b9) come up from its methoxy and alkaloid structures40. The modifications in band depth and minor shifts indicate \u03c0\u2013\u03c0 interactions and doable weak hydrogen bonding between berberine molecules and SBR chains. Total, the noticed shifts, broadened bands, and extra absorption options verify the profitable incorporation of the bio-additives into SBR. These spectral modifications counsel intermolecular interactions\u2014together with hydrogen bonding, \u03c0\u2013\u03c0 stacking, and doable ionic interactions\u2014between SBR and chitosan, ginger, and berberine. The principle SBR peaks don’t considerably shift, confirming absence of chemical degradation. Additive-specific peaks seem clearly, confirming profitable loading. Minor shifts within the \u2013CH and C = C peaks indicate interfacial interactions between SBR and the bio-fillers.<\/p>\n
![\"Fig.](\"https:\/\/media.springernature.com\/lw685\/springer-static\/image\/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-026-52953-2\/MediaObjects\/41598_2026_52953_Fig2_HTML.png\")
The choice textual content for this picture might have been generated utilizing AI.<\/span><\/div>\nFTIR Spectra of SBR with chitosan, ginger, and berberine.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n
The physico-mechanical properties<\/h3>\n
It’s fascinating to judge the physico-mechanical properties of the SBR vulcanizates containing the bioactive supplies in response to ASTM 412.<\/p>\n
Desk 3 reveals the mechanical properties of the SBR vulcanizates underneath investigation. In keeping with the obtained outcomes, the SBR vulcanizates that had been examined exhibited good mechanical qualities. When chitosan, plant extracts like ginger, and conventional pharmaceutical medication like berberine had been current, it was demonstrated that, the mechanical properties, tensile energy, elongation at break, and modulus at 100, 200, 300, and 500% had been enhanced. Tensile energy of SBR vulcanized with chitosan elevated as the proportion of chitosan elevated, as a result of presence of NH2 amino group and OH group41, that enhanced mechanical energy and in addition the interfacial adhesion between SBR and chitosan elevated and consequently energy elevated, then decreased at 50phr, which can be as a result of part separation between the vulcanized SBR part and chitosan phase42. Additionally, the presence of ginger within the SBR vulcanizates will increase the tensile energy as much as a focus of 20phr, then decreases at 30phr, however nonetheless greater than SBR vulcanizates with out ginger. Subsequently, the incorporation of ginger in SBR vulcanizates enhances the tensile energy and all mechanical properties and may be utilized for the antimicrobial rubber articles43. Additionally, the incorporation of berberine into the SBR leads to a rise in tensile energy compared with the SBR clean. The very best worth of tensile energy was obtained at 7phr berberine, after which decreased at 10phr. This may be attributed to the truth that berberine considerably modifications the diploma of crystallinity in addition to forming a singular kind of community that reinforces the construction of the obtained materials35,44. Then again, the elongation at break for SBR vulcanizates containing totally different concentrations of chitosan and ginger (10,20,30phr) was elevated greater than the management one (SBR free) or didn’t change relying on the growing concentrations after 30phr, so the elasticity of the vulcanizates was good. Elongation at break was considerably elevated after the introduction of berberine, that is as a result of good dispersion and homogeneity of the Berberine via the SBR matrix, which was confirmed by SEM analysis45. In keeping with berberine, focus elevated the elasticity of the vulcanized rubber, as much as 7phr, after which decreased. The bottom worth of elongation at break of vulcanized rubber containing 10 phr berberine was obtained. This means that the elongation at break of the SBR pattern with 7phr is bigger than that of the SBR with out berberine46.As well as, the modulus modifications for the investigated vulcanizates at numerous elongations (50\u2013500%) weren’t considerably totally different from the management one47,48. Consequently, the investigated antimicrobial brokers will help to enhance the mechanical traits; this was confirmed with the beforehand reported work36,38. Since they produce rubber vulcanizates with superior homogeneity and excessive dispersion35,49,50.<\/p>\n
Chemical properties<\/h3>\nEquilibrium swelling<\/h4>\n
The equilibrium swelling properties are demonstrated in Fig. 3, which reveals the equilibrium swelling of the SBR vulcanizates containing the antimicrobial medicines underneath investigation. The equilibrium swelling of all SBR vulcanizates was demonstrated to be good. The proportion of swelling was diminished at chitosan (10, 20, 30 phr), ginger (10, 20 phr), and berberine (5,7 phr) concentrations. As a result of chitosan, ginger, and berberine inhibited toluene from penetrating the ready samples, the proportion of edema was diminished. Thus, the cross-linking elevated, the swelling proportion decreased, and the qualities of SBR rubber vulcanizates improved35,49.<\/p>\n
![\"Fig.](\"https:\/\/media.springernature.com\/lw685\/springer-static\/image\/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-026-52953-2\/MediaObjects\/41598_2026_52953_Fig3_HTML.png\")
The choice textual content for this picture might have been generated utilizing AI.<\/span><\/div>\nEquilibrium swelling of SBR vulcanizates loaded with totally different antimicrobial brokers at totally different concentrations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n
Therefor the mechanism of vulcanization illustrated as the next diagram Scheme 6, whereas the investigated energetic compounds are bodily bonded with the vulcanized SBR matrix or holding between cross links35,49.<\/p>\n
![\"Sch.](\"https:\/\/media.springernature.com\/lw685\/springer-static\/image\/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-026-52953-2\/MediaObjects\/41598_2026_52953_Sch6_HTML.png\")
The choice textual content for this picture might have been generated utilizing AI.<\/span><\/div>\nconstruction of recognized phenolic compounds: 6-gingerol; 8-gingerol; 8-gingerdione; 8-shogaol; 6-dehydrogingerdione; 10-gingerdione and 8-dehydrogingerdione.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n
Thermal oxidative getting old<\/h3>\n
For improved rubber product service efficiency, rubber vulcanizates have to be proof against warmth oxidative getting old. The ready vulcanizates, tensile traits had been assessed following publicity to getting old as a way to assess the potential of including plant extracts and conventional pharmaceutical medicines as antimicrobial brokers to the SBR vulcanizates stand up to the impact of the getting old course of on the ready SBR composites. All examined SBR vulcanizates containing bioactive elements (chitosan, ginger, and berberine) confirmed a higher resistance to thermal oxidative getting old, which means that they had favorable qualities each earlier than and after being aged for six days at 90 \u00b0C, as proven in Fig. 4 (a, b). When evaluating the properties to the management, there may be little variation within the values of elongation at break and tensile energy. These outcomes would be the consequence of the energetic elements\u2019 nature, which inhibits radicals and delays getting old to supply long-term protection50,51.<\/p>\n
![\"Fig.](\"https:\/\/media.springernature.com\/lw685\/springer-static\/image\/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-026-52953-2\/MediaObjects\/41598_2026_52953_Fig4_HTML.png\")
The choice textual content for this picture might have been generated utilizing AI.<\/span><\/div>\nTensile energy (a) and elongation at break % (b) of the SBR vulcanizates earlier than and after six days of getting old at 90\u00a0\u00b0C with various concentrations of distinct antimicrobial brokers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)<\/h3>\n
The SEM pictures in Fig. 5 (a, b, c, d, e, f, g) present necessary details about the morphology of SBR vulcanizates, in addition to the compatibility and dispersion of antimicrobial brokers. The pattern surfaces are comparatively easy and uniform. The SEM picture of SBR with out antimicrobial brokers normally reveals a easy and comparatively featureless floor. It might need some minor irregularities or particle agglomerations. A homogeneous distribution of the investigated antimicrobial brokers at 30 phr chitosan, 20 phr ginger, and seven phr berberine concentrations is seen as in Fig. 5 (b, d, f), which depicts good floor homogeneity as a result of presence of interfacial bonding. Enhancing interfacial bonding can strengthen the SBR matrix and enhance the mechanical properties of the samples. The micrographs depict the great dispersion and distribution of the antimicrobial brokers contained in the SBR rubber matrix. The antimicrobial brokers particles exhibit a discernible aggregation as in Fig. 5 (c, e, g), which illustrates that the SBR containing 50 phr chitosan, 30 phr ginger, and 10 phr berberine had some uniform dispersion of antimicrobial brokers and presence of some aggregation resulting from growing the focus. So, the appropriate focus to acquire a homogeneous floor and good dispersion of the energetic elements is lower than these concentrations. This clustering might end in weak spots within the SBR vulcanizates, which might impair mechanical efficiency and cargo transfer19,52. Poor dispersion, nonetheless, can result in stress focus at some factors and scale back the general efficiency of the vulcanizates.<\/p>\n
![\"Fig.](\"https:\/\/media.springernature.com\/lw685\/springer-static\/image\/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-026-52953-2\/MediaObjects\/41598_2026_52953_Fig5_HTML.png\")
The choice textual content for this picture might have been generated utilizing AI.<\/span><\/div>\nScanning electron microscope for SBR vulcanizates within the absence and presence of antimicrobial brokers: (a) SBR, (b) SBR\/30 phr chitosan, (c) SBR\/50 phr chitosan, (d) SBR\/20 phr ginger, (e) SBR\/30 phr ginger, (f) SBR\/7 phr berberine, (g) SBR\/10 phr berberine.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n
Dielectric properties<\/h3>\n
Dielectric investigations revealed the optimum concentrations for every antimicrobial brokers, chosen for his or her improved mechanical efficiency. Determine 6a illustrates the frequency-dependent dielectric fixed (\u03b5\u2032) of SBR-based vulcanizates, whereas Fig. 11b presents the corresponding dielectric loss (\u03b5\u2033). All samples exhibit a typical lower in \u03b5\u2032 and \u03b5\u2033 with growing frequency, in step with dipolar leisure and diminished interfacial polarization at larger frequencies53. The SBR vulcanizates loaded with 7phr berberine demonstrates the very best \u03b5\u2032 and \u03b5\u2033 values all through the frequency spectrum, indicating substantial house cost accumulation and ionic polarization results as a result of conjugated and ionizable nature of berberine54. Whereas SBR vulcanizate loaded with 20 phr of ginger exhibit a average enhancement in each parameters. The polar phenolic compounds and important oils in ginger possible facilitate dipolar alignment within the presence of an electrical field55. As well as, the vulcanizate (Ch) 30 shows intermediate dielectric properties as a result of contribution of chitosan\u2019s amino and hydroxyl teams, which facilitate protonic conduction and the formation of interfacial dipoles56. The free from bioactive supplies; SBR pattern (N0) demonstrates the bottom dielectric response, thereby confirming the position of bioactive brokers in modifying {the electrical} properties of the matrix. The findings reveal that berberine markedly enhances each permittivity and dielectric dissipation, positioning the composite (Beb)7 as an appropriate candidate for purposes requiring excellent dielectric efficiency.<\/p>\n
![\"Fig.](\"https:\/\/media.springernature.com\/lw685\/springer-static\/image\/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-026-52953-2\/MediaObjects\/41598_2026_52953_Fig6_HTML.png\")
The choice textual content for this picture might have been generated utilizing AI.<\/span><\/div>\nFrequency-dependent dielectric habits of SBR-based composites; (a) Permittivity (\u03b5\u2032), and (b) Dielectric loss (\u03b5\u2033) at 30\u00a0\u00b0C.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n
Determine 7 depicts the dielectric properties of SBR-based composites at two specified frequencies: 100 Hz and 100 kHz. Determine 7a illustrates that the values of permittivity \u03b5\u2032 are a lot larger at 100 Hz in comparison with 100 kHz throughout all samples.Dipolar and interfacial polarization are extra pronounced at low frequencies57. The vulcanizate (Beb)7 displays the very best \u03b5\u2032 values, in step with berberine\u2019s ionic and conjugated construction that facilitates house cost accumulation and Maxwell\u2013Wagner\u2013Sillars (MWS) polarization54. The composites (Gin)20, and (Ch)30 have intermediate values,attributable to the polar constituents of ginger and the proton-conducting amino teams in chitosan, respectively56,58. The pattern N0 (clean pattern) has the bottom permittivity \u03b5\u2032, indicating that bioactive fillers improve dielectric response.<\/p>\n
Then again, Fig. 7b depicts the dielectric loss \u03b5\u2033 for SBR composites. At 100 Hz, all samples exhibit a lot larger \u03b5\u2033 values in comparison with these at 100 kHz. Ionic conduction and dipolar leisure are the first mechanisms of vitality dissipation at decrease frequencies59.<\/p>\n
![\"Fig.](\"https:\/\/media.springernature.com\/lw685\/springer-static\/image\/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-026-52953-2\/MediaObjects\/41598_2026_52953_Fig7_HTML.png\")
The choice textual content for this picture might have been generated utilizing AI.<\/span><\/div>\nVariation of (a) Permittivity (\u03b5\u2032), and (b) dielectric loss (\u03b5\u2033) for SBR-based composites at two specified frequencies: 100\u00a0Hz and 100\u00a0kHz, respectively.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n
Determine 8a illustrates the variation {of electrical} conductivity (\u03c3) in SBR-based vulcanizates as a perform of frequency. All samples exhibit a power-law enhance in conductivity with frequency, which is related to hopping conduction and interfacial polarization in elastomeric matrices57. (Beb) 7 displays the very best conductivity inside the spectrum as a result of conjugated ionic construction of berberine, which facilitates the motion of cost carriers and promotes house cost accumulation60. (Gin) 20, and (Ch) 30 exhibit intermediate conductivity values, indicating the affect of polar phytochemicals in ginger and proton-conducting pathways in chitosan on these measurements56,58. The clean pattern (N0) displays the bottom conductivity, indicating that bioactive materials facilitates electrical transport.(Beb)7 displays the most important dielectric loss \u03b5\u2033, indicating fast motion of cost carriers and important friction on the contact61., (Gin) 20, and, (Ch) 30 comply with with average declines, though N0 experiences minimal dissipation. The outcomes point out that dielectric properties fluctuate with frequency and that berberine serves successfully as a useful materials used for purposes requiring enhanced permittivity and controlled vitality dissipation.<\/p>\n
![\"Fig.](\"https:\/\/media.springernature.com\/lw685\/springer-static\/image\/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-026-52953-2\/MediaObjects\/41598_2026_52953_Fig8_HTML.png\")
The choice textual content for this picture might have been generated utilizing AI.<\/span><\/div>\nFrequency-dependent conductivity (\u03c3 ) of SBR-based composites at 30\u00a0\u00b0C, and the match strains in accordance with the ability regulation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n
Moreover, the insert Fig. 7b illustrates the DC conductivity (\u03c3_dc) decided within the low-frequency vary, the plateau area via energy regulation becoming. At room temperature (30 \u00b0C), these values rose from 1.55 \u00d7 10\u2212 9 S\/cm for SBR vulcanizates with out bioactive agent (N0) to three.35 \u00d7 10\u2212 8 S\/cm for composite (Beb)7. The composites (Gin)20, and (Ch)30 have average values (8.82 \u00d7 10\u2212 9 S\/cm are 1.92 \u00d7 10\u2212 8 S\/cm).Nevertheless, the outcomes of those composites clearly assist the utilization of those bioactive agent-based SBR composites as antistatic materials62. Then again, as mentioned earlier, (Beb)7 composite displays the very best \u03c3_dc, indicating its potential utility in shielding towards electromagnetic interference (EMI) and static electricity62,63,64,65.<\/p>\n
Determine 9 presents the intricate electrical modulus spectra (M\u2033 vs. M\u2032) for SBR-based composites. This gives perception into the mechanism of their dielectric leisure. All samples exhibit distinct semicircular arcs, indicating non-Debye leisure habits and a distribution of leisure occasions typical of elastomeric systems57. The (Beb)7 pattern displays the bottom arc signifying appreciable interfacial polarization resulting from berberine\u2019s ionic construction and conjugated domains, together with excessive conductivity54.<\/p>\n
![\"Fig.](\"https:\/\/media.springernature.com\/lw685\/springer-static\/image\/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-026-52953-2\/MediaObjects\/41598_2026_52953_Fig9_HTML.png\")
The choice textual content for this picture might have been generated utilizing AI.<\/span><\/div>\nCole-Cole plot of M\u2033 vs. M\u2032 for SBR composites.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n
(Gin)20, and (Ch)30 exhibit intermediate arc profiles, indicating the affect of polar phytochemicals and hydrogen-bonding interactions on segmental mobility and cost service dynamics58,59. The N0 pattern (clean pattern) displays in depth arc resulting from its non-polar nature and minimal dielectric exercise. The variation in peak positions and arc curvature among the many samples signifies that bioactive brokers considerably alter the relief by introducing localized dipolar websites, ionic channels, and interfacial heterogeneity. The findings align with earlier research on polymer vulcanizates that employed electrical modulus evaluation to differentiate bulk conductivity from interfacial phenomena65.<\/p>\n
Bioassay exams for the antimicrobial rubber merchandise<\/h3>\nCytotoxic impact<\/h4>\n
The cytotoxic impact of the investigated rubber vulcanizates loaded with totally different antimicrobial brokers was examined in direction of the conventional human pores and skin cell line: BJ1 Fibroblast and illustrated in Desk\u00a04; Fig.\u00a010.<\/p>\n
![\"Fig.](\"https:\/\/media.springernature.com\/lw685\/springer-static\/image\/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-026-52953-2\/MediaObjects\/41598_2026_52953_Fig10_HTML.png\")
The choice textual content for this picture might have been generated utilizing AI.<\/span><\/div>\nCytotoxic exercise of various SBR vulcanizates : a- management b- loaded with Chitosan c- loaded with Berberine d- loaded with Ginger.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n
The info in Desk\u00a04; Fig.\u00a010 point out that the investigated SBR rubber vulcanizates loaded with totally different antimicrobial brokers are secure and have nil cytotoxicity. Furthermore, there isn’t a impact of the sturdy shade and odors of Ginger extract on the conventional human fibroblast cell line (BJ1) underneath investigation.<\/p>\n
The cytotoxicity of the ready vulcanizates in direction of human regular BJ1 Fibroblast cells indicated good security of those rubber merchandise. This consequence signifies that the ready SBR vulcanizates didn’t hurt human regular BJ1 Fibroblast cells in a lab check, which is a constructive signal for the biocompatibility and security of those specific rubber merchandise for sure purposes.<\/p>\n
The antimicrobial testing lacks And not using a complete description of the methodology and a scientifically sound show of the info, the findings can’t be correctly validated.<\/p>\n
Antimicrobial exercise<\/h4>\n
1-Antimicrobial Exercise In opposition to Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive):<\/p>\n
Determine 11 illustrates the antimicrobial exercise of SBR rubber vulcanizates loaded with totally different antimicrobial brokers towards Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive), in comparison with a management (unloaded SBR rubber). Among the many examined formulations, SBR rubber loaded with chitosan exhibited the very best development inhibition efficiency. SBR rubber loaded with berberine confirmed average exercise, whereas the ginger-loaded SBR rubber demonstrated the bottom inhibitory impact towards S. aureus.<\/p>\n
2-Antimicrobial Exercise In opposition to Escherichia coli (Gram-negative)<\/p>\n
Determine 12 presents the antimicrobial exercise of the identical SBR rubber vulcanizate formulations towards Escherichia coli (Gram-negative). In distinction to the outcomes noticed for *S. aureus*, berberine-loaded SBR rubber was probably the most potent towards E. coli, adopted by chitosan-loaded SBR rubber. Ginger-loaded SBR rubber once more confirmed the bottom efficacy in inhibiting bacterial development.<\/p>\n
![\"Fig.](\"https:\/\/media.springernature.com\/lw685\/springer-static\/image\/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-026-52953-2\/MediaObjects\/41598_2026_52953_Fig11_HTML.png\")
The choice textual content for this picture might have been generated utilizing AI.<\/span><\/div>\nAntimicrobial actions of various SBR vulcanizates in direction of Staphylococcus aureus Gram-positive micro organism: a- management b- loaded with Chitosan c- loaded with Berberine d- loaded with Ginger.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n
![\"Fig.](\"https:\/\/media.springernature.com\/lw685\/springer-static\/image\/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-026-52953-2\/MediaObjects\/41598_2026_52953_Fig12_HTML.png\")
The choice textual content for this picture might have been generated utilizing AI.<\/span><\/div>\nAntimicrobial actions of various SBR vulcanizates in direction of Escherichia coli Gram-negative micro organism: a- management, b- loaded with Chitosan, c- loaded with Berberine d- loaded with Ginger.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n
So, the antibacterial effectivity towards S. aureus Gram +ve and E. coli Gram -ve was efficiently improved by the loading of the examined antimicrobial brokers into the SBR rubber vulcanizates.<\/p>\n
The target of this analysis was to reinforce the antimicrobial properties of SBR rubber vulcanizates by loading chitosan, berberine and ginger extract as antimicrobial brokers. These outcomes are in accordance with many earlier works6,10,11, which reported that the incorporation of various antimicrobial brokers considerably improved each the antibacterial efficiency towards various kinds of micro organism, and demonstrating the potential of those brokers as useful bio-fillers in sustainable rubber composites.<\/p>\n
The principle intention of this analysis was to reinforce the antimicrobial properties of SBR rubber vulcanizates by loading chitosan, berberine and ginger extract as antimicrobial brokers. These outcomes are in accordance with earlier works64, which acknowledged that the incorporation of chitosan nanoparticles considerably improved each the antibacterial efficiency towards E. coli and S. aureus, and demonstrating the potential of chitosan nanoparticles as useful bio-fillers in sustainable rubber composites. A greener strategy for producing antimicrobial rubber vulcanizates has gained important significance and demand for private care resulting from their much less poisonous results on well being and the setting Compared to artificial medication, the naturally current supplies together with extracts and important oils of crops have important purposes for antimicrobial rubber. Moreover, a variety of animal extracts are additionally used as antimicrobial brokers embody chitosan, alginate, collagen hydrolysate to arrange naturally handled antimicrobial rubber. This work focuses on the comparative efficiency of antimicrobial brokers between artificial and pure supplies. Rubber with artificial substances trigger well being and environmental issues whereas rubber handled with pure compositions are extra secure and eco-friendly. Lastly, it’s concluded that rubber vulcanizates with pure antimicrobial compositions could also be a greater various and possibility as useful rubber. So, the vulcanization of SBR rubber formulations occurred on the anticipated optimum remedy time. Subsequently, the antibacterial traits of the compounded SBR are improved by means of plant extracts and pharmaceutical medicines, which don’t have any adversarial results.<\/p>\n
As a consequence, a novel rubber composite based mostly on styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) was formulated by the incorporation of chitosan, berberine, and ginger as multifunctional pure components. Chitosan serves to reinforce interfacial adhesion whereas additionally conferring antimicrobial properties, whereas berberine imparts supplementary bioactive reinforcement and thermal stability. The inclusion of ginger extract bestows antioxidant traits and enhances the general sturdiness of the composite materials. Collectively, these environmentally benign constituents yield a particular and sustainable SBR rubber composite that displays enhanced mechanical, anti-aging, and useful efficiency. So, the ecofriendly investigated compounds have good benefits for incorporating in SBR to acquire security rubber merchandise for his or her properties, based mostly on the obtained outcomes, the interactions between the added bioactive elements (ginger extract, chitosan, and berberine) and the SBR elastomer matrix may be defined as follows:<\/p>\n
Chitosan (30 phr):<\/p>\n
Chitosan has amino and hydroxyl teams that may type weak electrostatic bonds with the SBR chains. These bonds assist the supplies work higher collectively and create extra bodily hyperlinks between them. This explains why the fabric turns into stronger, swells much less, and responds higher to electrical fields. The chitosan additionally has a polar construction, which permits for simpler motion of protons and results in a slight enhance in how properly it conducts electrical energy and the way it reacts to electrical expenses.<\/p>\n
Ginger extract (20 phr):<\/p>\n
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